mathlib documentation

algebra.euclidean_domain

Euclidean domains #

This file introduces Euclidean domains and provides the extended Euclidean algorithm. To be precise, a slightly more general version is provided which is sometimes called a transfinite Euclidean domain and differs in the fact that the degree function need not take values in but can take values in any well-ordered set. Transfinite Euclidean domains were introduced by Motzkin and examples which don't satisfy the classical notion were provided independently by Hiblot and Nagata.

Main definitions #

Main statements #

Notation #

denotes the well founded relation on the Euclidean domain, e.g. in the example of the polynomial ring over a field, p ≺ q for polynomials p and q if and only if the degree of p is less than the degree of q.

Implementation details #

Instead of working with a valuation, euclidean_domain is implemented with the existence of a well founded relation r on the integral domain R, which in the example of would correspond to setting i ≺ j for integers i and j if the absolute value of i is smaller than the absolute value of j.

References #

Tags #

Euclidean domain, transfinite Euclidean domain, Bézout's lemma

@[class]
structure euclidean_domain (R : Type u) :
Type u

A euclidean_domain is an non-trivial commutative ring with a division and a remainder, satisfying b * (a / b) + a % b = a. The definition of a euclidean domain usually includes a valuation function R → ℕ. This definition is slightly generalised to include a well founded relation r with the property that r (a % b) b, instead of a valuation.

Instances
@[protected, instance]
Equations
@[protected, instance]
Equations
theorem euclidean_domain.div_add_mod {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a b : R) :
b * (a / b) + a % b = a
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_add_div {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a b : R) :
a % b + b * (a / b) = a
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_add_div' {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (m k : R) :
m % k + (m / k) * k = m
theorem euclidean_domain.div_add_mod' {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (m k : R) :
(m / k) * k + m % k = m
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_eq_sub_mul_div {R : Type u_1} [euclidean_domain R] (a b : R) :
a % b = a - b * (a / b)
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_lt {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) {b : R} :
b 0euclidean_domain.r (a % b) b
theorem euclidean_domain.mul_right_not_lt {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a : R} (b : R) (h : a 0) :
theorem euclidean_domain.mul_div_cancel_left {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a : R} (b : R) (a0 : a 0) :
a * b / a = b
theorem euclidean_domain.mul_div_cancel {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) {b : R} (b0 : b 0) :
a * b / b = a
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_zero {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) :
a % 0 = a
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_eq_zero {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a b : R} :
a % b = 0 b a
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_self {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) :
a % a = 0
theorem euclidean_domain.dvd_mod_iff {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a b c : R} (h : c b) :
c a % b c a
theorem euclidean_domain.lt_one {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) :
euclidean_domain.r a 1a = 0
theorem euclidean_domain.val_dvd_le {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a b : R) :
b aa 0¬euclidean_domain.r a b
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.mod_one {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) :
a % 1 = 0
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.zero_mod {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (b : R) :
0 % b = 0
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.div_zero {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (a : R) :
a / 0 = 0
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.zero_div {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a : R} :
0 / a = 0
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.div_self {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a : R} (a0 : a 0) :
a / a = 1
theorem euclidean_domain.eq_div_of_mul_eq_left {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a b c : R} (hb : b 0) (h : a * b = c) :
a = c / b
theorem euclidean_domain.eq_div_of_mul_eq_right {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a b c : R} (ha : a 0) (h : a * b = c) :
b = c / a
theorem euclidean_domain.mul_div_assoc {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (x : R) {y z : R} (h : z y) :
x * y / z = x * (y / z)
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.div_one {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] (p : R) :
p / 1 = p
theorem euclidean_domain.div_dvd_of_dvd {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {p q : R} (hpq : q p) :
p / q p
theorem euclidean_domain.gcd.induction {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {P : R → R → Prop} (a b : R) :
(∀ (x : R), P 0 x)(∀ (a b : R), a 0P (b % a) aP a b)P a b
def euclidean_domain.gcd {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] :
R → R → R

gcd a b is a (non-unique) element such that gcd a b ∣ a gcd a b ∣ b, and for any element c such that c ∣ a and c ∣ b, then c ∣ gcd a b

Equations
@[simp]
@[simp]
@[protected]
theorem euclidean_domain.gcd_eq_zero_iff {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {a b : R} :
theorem euclidean_domain.dvd_gcd {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {a b c : R} :
c ac bc euclidean_domain.gcd a b
theorem euclidean_domain.gcd_eq_left {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {a b : R} :
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.gcd_one_left {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (a : R) :
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.gcd_self {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (a : R) :
def euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] :
R → R → R → R → R → R → R × R × R

An implementation of the extended GCD algorithm. At each step we are computing a triple (r, s, t), where r is the next value of the GCD algorithm, to compute the greatest common divisor of the input (say x and y), and s and t are the coefficients in front of x and y to obtain r (i.e. r = s * x + t * y). The function xgcd_aux takes in two triples, and from these recursively computes the next triple:

xgcd_aux (r, s, t) (r', s', t') = xgcd_aux (r' % r, s' - (r' / r) * s, t' - (r' / r) * t) (r, s, t)
Equations
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.xgcd_zero_left {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {s t r' s' t' : R} :
euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux 0 s t r' s' t' = (r', s', t')
theorem euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux_rec {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {r s t r' s' t' : R} (h : r 0) :
euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux r s t r' s' t' = euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux (r' % r) (s' - (r' / r) * s) (t' - (r' / r) * t) r s t
def euclidean_domain.xgcd {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (x y : R) :
R × R

Use the extended GCD algorithm to generate the a and b values satisfying gcd x y = x * a + y * b.

Equations
def euclidean_domain.gcd_a {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (x y : R) :
R

The extended GCD a value in the equation gcd x y = x * a + y * b.

Equations
def euclidean_domain.gcd_b {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (x y : R) :
R

The extended GCD b value in the equation gcd x y = x * a + y * b.

Equations
@[simp]
@[simp]
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux_fst {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (x y s t s' t' : R) :
theorem euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux_P {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (a b : R) {r r' s t s' t' : R} :
P a b (r, s, t)P a b (r', s', t')P a b (euclidean_domain.xgcd_aux r s t r' s' t')

An explicit version of Bézout's lemma for Euclidean domains.

@[protected, instance]
def euclidean_domain.is_domain (R : Type u_1) [e : euclidean_domain R] :
def euclidean_domain.lcm {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] (x y : R) :
R

lcm a b is a (non-unique) element such that a ∣ lcm a b b ∣ lcm a b, and for any element c such that a ∣ c and b ∣ c, then lcm a b ∣ c

Equations
theorem euclidean_domain.lcm_dvd {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {x y z : R} (hxz : x z) (hyz : y z) :
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.lcm_dvd_iff {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {x y z : R} :
@[simp]
@[simp]
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.lcm_eq_zero_iff {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] [decidable_eq R] {x y : R} :
@[simp]
theorem euclidean_domain.mul_div_mul_cancel {R : Type u} [euclidean_domain R] {a b c : R} (ha : a 0) (hcb : c b) :
a * b / a * c = b / c
@[protected, instance]
Equations
@[protected, instance]
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